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- Kronenberg, Kai, et al.
(författare)
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Aligning tourism's socio-economic impact with the United Nations' sustainable development goals
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tourism Management Perspectives. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-9736 .- 2211-9744. ; 39, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Socio-economic sustainability for tourism workers does not play a prominent role in contemporary tourism economic impact studies. Rather, to promote economic growth paradigms, the focus lies on aggregated employment and income effects. To better understand tourism's contribution to decent work and reduced inequalities (Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 10, respectively), our study assesses tourism's socio-economic impact by focussing on meso-level perspectives from major tourism institutions that are complemented with macro-level results gained through an occupation-based Input-Output model. Although income inequalities across tourism occupations remain relatively low, income inequalities over a period of nine years have increased. Tourism employees continue to work in precarious occupations due to limited training and career opportunities. Employers demand skilled vocational professions and provide non-monetary benefits; however, respective salaries remain average. Altogether, tourism contributes to Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 10 only moderately, and regional tourism institutions need to continue their development strategies for greater sustainability.
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| 2. |
- Kronenberg, Kai, et al.
(författare)
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The socio-economic impact of regional tourism : an occupation-based modelling perspective from Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Sustainable Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0966-9582 .- 1747-7646. ; 30:12, s. 2785-2805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditional measurements of tourism’s economic impact refer to primary and secondary effects that are typically quantified through input–output (IO) methodology. From a sustainable regional development perspective, however, economic impact analyses are criticised for their one-dimensional analysis focussing mainly on growth-oriented effects represented by aggregates for output, employment, income or tax. Although existing literature comprises various extensions of IO models, the focus of these models is restricted to indicators at a high aggregate level. Thus, distributional or other socio-economically important aspects related to the tourism workforce are seldom discussed. In our approach to study tourism’s impacts over a nine-year period, we consider macro-and meso-level perspectives and disaggregate tourism’s impact on regional employment and income for particular occupational areas in the Swedish region of Jämtland. Results indicate weakening employment effects; relatively low but increasing income-inequalities; and increasing shares of elementary positions with precarious working conditions despite para-industrial initiatives from tourism institutions to develop the industry. By enhancing traditional tourism economic impact methodology, we hope that our approach is supportive in putting the tourism workforce at the heart of the regional development and tourism sustainability discourse.
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| 3. |
- Kronenberg, Kai
(författare)
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A quantity-quality framework for measuring the regional socio-economic impact of tourism : The case of Jämtland Härjedalen
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measuring the economic effects of tourism has always been a high priority for private and public actors in the regional economy (Stabler et al 2009). These estimates provide insights about the generation of sales, jobs, and income associated with tourism, but also support industry officials in the regional development agenda. Measuring tourism’s economic impact in a region typically involves economic impact models that capture both primary and secondary effects (Comerio and Strozzi 2019). However, results gained from these models are limited in regards to highly aggregated and growth-oriented indicators on the macro-level.These economic impact models ‘fulfil’ their purpose in incorporating the assumptions of mainstream economics and in focusing on macro-level indicators related to economic growth (Elsner 2017). That involves the risk that important socio-economic aspects, such as the distribution of income, are less considered in regional tourism development agendas. Even so-called ‘advanced’ models neglect distributional dimensions in estimating the impact of tourism (Lee 2009). Accordingly, a growing body of literature starts criticizing mainstream economics’ modelling assumptions and its narrow view on economic growth (Söderbaum 2017). Instead, economic analyses should put more focus multi-dimensional perspectives, including the institutional (i.e. meso-level) perspective in addition to the traditional macro- and micro view (Dopfer et al. 2004). Furthermore, various forms of inequalities are identified to typically hamper regional development from a socio-economic point of view (Moulaert and Nussbaumer 2005a).Against this background, the aim of this thesis is to propose a framework that extends traditional economic impact approaches and allows the measurement of tourism impact from a broader socio-economic perspective. The approach in this thesis comprises a macro as well as a meso level analysis and utilizes a mixed-method approach (Dopfer et al. 2004; Khoo-Lattimore et al. 2017). More concretely, the traditional economic impact methodology is further developed in order to estimate disaggregated employment and income effects for specific occupations, and to estimate the income distribution across occupations in major tourism sectors.This analysis is conducted for the county of Jämtland and comprises the period + time (Daniels et al. 2004). A series of interviews with major regional industry- and policy representatives complements the impact analysis from the meso-level perspective. By doing so, the institutional perspectives helped identifying potential reasons for variations in occupation and income developments in tourism.Findings show that the traditional way of analysing tourism’s impacts does not only provide the full picture of the impacts, but also even gives potentially misleading information. While, in general, the tourism industry benefits from annually growing arrival numbers in terms of sales, the income level of the tourism workforce remains among the lowest in the entire regional economy. In addition, the income inequality across occupations in the main tourism sector accommodation & food is increasing, indicating a negative trend in the industry. This can be partly attributed to decreasing union membership rates, short-term career perspectives, and increasing shares of occupations without requirements for higher education. Like in other branches, the role of education in the tourism industry is particularly important to overcome these trends.This study shows that extending traditional ways of analysing the economic impact of tourism by incorporating additional socio-economic dimensions contributes to a better understanding the socio-economic sustainability of the regional tourism industry. By putting the focus away from pure growth-driven indicators, this approach proposes an alternative way for measuring tourism’s impacts, which can, hopefully, be implemented and institutionalized in the future.
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| 4. |
- Kronenberg, Kai, et al.
(författare)
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The Socio-economic impact of regional tourism : an occupation-based modelling perspective from Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: A sustainable tourism workforce. - New York : Routledge. - 9781032564166 - 9781003435457
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditional measurements of tourism’s economic impact refer to primary and secondary effects that are typically quantified through input–output (IO) methodology. From a sustainable regional development perspective, however, economic impact analyses are criticised for their one-dimensional analysis focussing mainly on growth-oriented effects represented by aggregates for output, employment, income or tax. Although existing literature comprises various extensions of IO models, the focus of these models is restricted to indicators at a high aggregate level. Thus, distributional or other socio-economically important aspects related to the tourism workforce are seldom discussed. In our approach to study tourism’s impacts over a nine-year period, we consider macro-and meso-level perspectives and disaggregate tourism’s impact on regional employment and income for particular occupational areas in the Swedish region of Jämtland. Results indicate weakening employment effects; relatively low but increasing income-inequalities; and increasing shares of elementary positions with precarious working conditions despite para-industrial initiatives from tourism institutions to develop the industry. By enhancing traditional tourism economic impact methodology, we hope that our approach is supportive in putting the tourism workforce at the heart of the regional development and tourism sustainability discourse.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Kronenberg, Kai, et al.
(författare)
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Tourism's socio-economic contribution : A UN SDG perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Accelerating the progress towards the 2030 SDGs in times of crisis. - Östersund : Mittuniversitetet. - 9789189341173 ; , s. 1274-1275
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studying the economic impact of tourism with Input-Output (IO) methodology and extensions, like Computable General Equilibrium, is widely established within tourism science (Comerio & Strozzi 2019). However, the analytical focus of the majority of impact analyses remains on aggregated indicators, such as total output, employment and income, respectively. However, this reductionist view in line with economic orthodoxy provides an oversimplified and biased perspective on regional development missing out important socio-economic issues (Gallagher et al. 1999). In particular, the concept of sustainability has not (yet) played a prominent role in estimating tourism’s economic impact. Though, the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) explicitly address decent work (SDG 8) as well as reduced inequalities (SDG 10) (UN 2021). Accordingly, a growing number of tourism scholars argue that regional tourism development should focus on the principles of steady-state economics by prioritizing local communities as well as by highlighting that especially employment-related issues are widely neglected by debates and works on sustainable tourism (Baum et al 2016; Higgins-Desbiolles et al. 2019). In the same way, we argue that traditional economic impact measurement approaches contributed too little to address sustainable regional development. Therefore, we extend the traditional practice of tourism economic impact measurement by considering ‘new monetary measures’ beyond growth-focused aggregates (Söderbaum and Brown 2010). More precisely, our IO-based regional impact study estimates economic leakages, importation shares as well as taxation effects from tourism over a 10 years period (2008-2017). Most importantly, we dis-aggregate employment and income effects into diverse occupational areas (Daniels 2004). This allows us to study tourism’s contribution to decrease sectoral income inequalities among particular occupation types. As a narrow view on monetary indicators risks to dis-embed markets from its underlying rules and social institutions, socio-economic impacts can hardly be understood solely by numbers. Accordingly, our study also considers the perspective from major tourism-related institutions, like branch associations, labor unions and regional public institutions. A mixed-method approach, finally, complements quantitative findings from IO with additional qualitative insights thereby obtaining a holistic understanding on the socio-economic impact of tourism in the region of Jämtland Härjedalen with a focus on tourism employment- and income. As highlighted by the UN-SDGs, the proposed analysis broadens the view of conventional tourism economic impact approaches in tourism. ReferencesBaum, T. et al. (2016). Sustainability and the tourism and hospitality workforce. Sustainability, 8(8), 809.Comerio, N., & Strozzi, F. (2019). Tourism and its economic impact. Tourism economics, 25(1), 109-131.Daniels, M. J. (2004). Beyond input-output analysis: using occupation-based modeling to estimate wages generated by a sport tourism event. Journal of travel research, 43(1), 75-82.Gallagher, R., Appenzeller, T., & Normile, D. (1999). Beyond reductionism. Science, 284(5411), 79.Higgins-Desbiolles, F. et al. (2019). De-growing tourism: rethinking tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12), 1926-1944.Söderbaum, P., & Brown, J. (2010). Democratizing economics: pluralism as a path toward sustainability. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1185(1), 179-195.United Nations (2021). About the Sustainable Development Goals. Accessed 15.02.2021. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
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| 8. |
- Kronenberg, Kai, et al.
(författare)
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Tourism’s socio-economic impact: A justice perspective
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contemporary approaches to study tourism’s economic impacts mainly refer to methodologies employing multipliers and intersectoral linkages. However, most tourism economic impact studies are theoretically embedded within a narrow growth-oriented framework focusing on aggregated indicators, thus, allowing little analytical room beyond the GDP-perspective. This reductionist view on tourism development systematically overlooks socio-economic dynamics as well as grievances for the tourism workforce. This is particularly critical, as it is argued that tourism is a significant driver for regional development, and that tourism systems are characterized by low entry barriers that allow a large share of the local and regional population to participate in various earning opportunities. Indeed, economic theory should aim to analyze not only what, how and how many tourism services are produced, but also being capable to solve social and distributive problems, including poverty reduction and avoidance. While unequal distribution of socio-economic benefits relates to issues of distributive justice and precarious working conditions, unequal income distributions make it increasingly difficult to sustain a decent life and pursue the desired livelihood for a growing number of tourism workers. After critically discussing major justice theories and their use in tourism, our mixed-methods study addresses distributional and (in)justice issues regarding tourism workers by extending traditional economic impact methodology. We, firstly, disaggregate income effects gained from regionalized Input-Output models to obtain income inequality measures, like Gini-indexes and Lorenz curves, for major occupations in the regional tourism sector of Jämtland-Härjedalen, Sweden. Additional qualitative data from interviews with representatives from major tourism institutions, such as the regional tourism association, labour unions, employment service, or the chamber of commerce, help us to gain an in-depth understanding on poverty issues affecting the regional tourism workforce. Results show that despite institutional framework conditions of the ‘Nordic model’, particularly occupations with little or no educational requirements are most strongly affected by issues of injustice. Our proposed approach broadens the traditional view on tourism economic impacts and helps to improve the process of tourism-induced socio-economic sustainability.
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